Careerneeti

Career Options After Class 12 in Medical in India

2020-07-26T04:15:00.001+05:30

Class 12th results are out and most of the science students and their parents are in a dilemma to choose the correct career options. If you are interested in Engineering, you can check out our earlier post Career Options After Class 12 in Engineering in India but if you are planning to pursue your career in medicine line, keep reading the post to get a clear understanding about different career options in Medical after your class 12 results.

On a very high level, we can divide the Medical science career into three broad categories.

Medicine
Allied Health Science
Paramedical

Let's discuss the different options available in each of the above-mentioned categories.

Medicine: To get admission to any of the medical colleges in India, you have to go through some of the entrance examinations mentioned below.

NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Science)
JIPMER (Jawaharlal Institute Postgraduate Medical Education & Research)
EAMCET (Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test)

In medicine, you can choose from different degree programs mentioned below.

MBBS- Allopathy (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, 5.5 yrs)
BUMS (Bachelor of Unani Medicine, 5.5 yrs)
BHMS (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery, 5.5 yrs)
BAMS (Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine, and Surgery, 5.5 yrs )
BNYS (Bachelor of Naturopathy and yogic Science, 5.5 yrs)
Ag. BSC (Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, 4 yrs)
BDS (Bachelor of Dental Surgery, 5 yrs)
BVSC (Bachelor of Veterinary Science, 5 to 5.5 yrs)
BPT (Bachelor of Physiotherapy, 4.5 yrs)

Allied Health Science: This path in health science help one to become a bachelor's degree holders in below mentioned degree programs. Mostly these course duration is 3 years.

B.Pharma
BSc. Nursing
BOT- Occupational Therapy
BSc. Anesthesia Technician
BSc. Cardiac Technician
BSc. Medical Lab Technician
BSc. Radio Therapy Technician
BSc. Clinical Optometry
BSc. Nuclear Medicine
BSc. Operation Theatre
BSc. Physician Assistant
BSc. Respiratory care
BMLT (Bachelor of Medical Lab Technology)

Paramedical: Paramedical courses are diploma courses, mostly the duration of the courses is between 2 and 3 years.

Dialysis Technician
ECG Technician
X-Ray Technician
Operation Theatre Technician

Hope you find this post helpful and make you understand that there are a lot of options available in the Medical path after class 12. Please share and comment below to get information on any of the above-mentioned programs.

How To Answer "Tell Me About Yourself"

2020-07-13T01:48:00.000+05:30

Almost every interview panel has asked this first question “tell me about yourself”. Every interview starts with hi or hello Mr.Xyz, greetings. Have a seat. One or two more sentences (basically about the position or job) and then this question.

Actually, Its an icebreaker between the interviewer and the prospective candidate. The interviewer wants to know about you. What values you are bringing to there company or firm and how are you perfect for this job. He wants to know these things in brief. So here are a few things which you should keep in mind while answering this basic but the most important question as it is said that the first impression is the last impression so make sure you want to make it your best impression.

If You Are Fresher:

Tell the interviewer about your educational qualifications: If you are a fresher then introduce yourself by saying your name and the qualifications you have ( for this particular job).

Mention any projects you have worked on: Many people do internships or summer training in schools and colleges. If you have done them then mention it in your answer what was the project or training about and what was your contribution to it.

Mention your hobbies: Mentioning your hobbies means you are just trying to connect with the interviewer. Many times hobbies are not written in your resume. So the interviewer may not know about it. But if you mention your hobbies then the interviewer’s hobbies may match and he/she may want to talk to you, more about that topic and may feel more comfortable.

For Example:

I am Xyz, I have completed my bachelors in information technology from —— college, university of ——. I have completed my school education from ——.

I have done a final year project in which we had to build an online shopping website. (Explain about that project). I designed the website using asp.net, HTML, and SQL. My website had many different pages in which ——.

In my leisure time, I love to do coding and solving puzzles.

That’s all for the time being.

For Working Professionals:

Tell the interviewer about your qualifications, professional background and work experience in a nutshell: Keeping in mind that the interviewer only wants to know why ‘you’ are professionally perfect for this job, start your answer by mentioning your qualifications, your professional background, your work experience in that field.

Mention your big achievements: Tell the interviewer about any major achievements of yours in the previous jobs like how many projects you handled, how you are a team player, and helping your team in achieving the team goal and how this quality of yours will be beneficial for this company.

End the answer by mentioning your hobbies: As mentioned earlier in this post, telling your interviewer about your hobbies means you are trying to connect more with your interviewer. They may try talking more about the hobby if they also have the same hobby or interest in a particular thing. It will relax the room’s atmosphere and make them feel that you are not stressed. In fact, you are a friendly person who tries to connect with other people.

For Example:

I am Xyz, I have 10 years of experience in ——. During this period of time, I worked with several different clients like ——. During this time I have worked in different domains like retail banking and financial services. I have handled different projects like ——. I have experience working in teams of different sizes. I have worked as a team leader and handled different resources. I ah e helped my team in achieving the desired goal by training them in the related project works.

When I am not working, I love to play football and sing karaoke.

That’s all for the time being.

Important Tips (Do’s and Don’ts):

Make sure to follow the dress code of the interview. In many places like banks and Multinational companies, it is expected from you to dress formally. So dress accordingly.

Put your handbag on the side of the chair or on the floor near your chair. Don’t hold or grab your bag too tightly which sitting as it shows how nervous you are.

Try to sound genuine and natural. Sometimes people mug up or try to memorize their answer so much that they sound artificial. Calm down! it’s nothing wrong in preparing your answer beforehand. If it helps, you can try to practice your answers in front of a mirror, close friends, or a relative. They can advise you how you sound while answering them.

Don't try to bring your personal relationships in front of the interviewer. If he/she is asking about you that doesn’t mean he wants to know about your family or your personal struggles or your medical issues. He/ she just wants to know you professionally. So talk about how you can be an asset to the company.

And lastly, don't brag too much about yourself. Some people while trying hard to impress the interviewer, just go on bragging about themselves. It is a strict no-no. It obviously sounds fake and shows that you only care for yourself.

We hope these tips help you in cracking your interview. All the best.

If you want us to write about any topic then please let us know. If you like this blog then comments in the comment box below.

Boost your Career During Pandemic

2020-06-01T04:29:00.005+05:30

The world is almost standstill because of this COVID-19 situation. Due to the lockdown across the world, the economy of the entire world is shaken. This creates a very uncertain situation for everyone's career too. So how can we try to be positive and give a boost to our career? In this article, we will discuss some of the points which can help you to give a boost to your career and positivity to your life.

Nourish your body: The very first thing to keep in mind is to provide proper nourishment to your body. In this pandemic situation, make sure to avoid any unwanted contact and maintain proper hygiene. Eat healthy stuff and exercise regularly. Even you cannot hit the gym or go outside for a workout. There is plenty of indoor exercises you can do. You can blend your workout with some Yoga and meditation too. Whatever your preferences, but make sure to include that in your daily life. To maintain positivity in your life you need a healthy body.

Make a To-do list: Make a to-do list in the first hour of the morning. Break your days for all the essential things and make a note with a checkbox next to it. Make sure to include exercise and learning in that list. If possible assign some time slot for each of the tasks but if you don't have any preference about timing, you can do stuff as it suits you. This to-do list will organize your day and help you keep the focus on the important things. Also if you are able to complete your entire list by the end of the day, it will bring a sense of achievement and positivity.

Learn New Things: Spare at least 2 hours every day or at least Mon-Fri to learn something new. With the advancement of technology and n number of online tutorial portals its very easy to learn anything nowadays. We will mention some of our favorite online learning portal here.

Youtube: Yes Youtube is not only for entertainment but you can also get a lot of stuff to learn there. There are so many channels where you can learn different new things like Computer related stuff, Playing a Guitar, cooking, etc. Properly utilize the platform can help to learn many things for Free.

NPTEL: The National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) was initiated by seven Indian Institutes of Technology (Bombay, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Guwahati, and Roorkee) along with the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 2003. They provide courses related to Engineering and Management from some of the prestigious institute in India. You can access the courses for free but to get a certificate you have to sit for an exam for a fee of INR 1000/-.

Udemy: Udemy is 2nd in our list, this online learning platform is very cheap compared to other counterparts. There is a lot of stuff available for free here too. Even the paid content is also not expensive, most of the time courses are on sale and you can get them for a 90% discount. The best part is you will be getting a certificate after successfully completed the learning, which can easily share on Linkedin or any career site like Naukri.com, Monster.com, etc.

Linkedin: Linkedin recently launched its learning portal, which also provides a lot of materials for free. You can also get a monthly/ yearly subscription to access more than 15000 courses. Similar to Udemy they also provide certificates at successfully completing the course, which can again shareable.

Google Digital Garage: If you are interested to learn about technical courses, this is probably the best place. You can get a lot of online courses for free. All the courses are designed by people working at Google. You can get a competition certificate too at the end of the course. The only downside is that you don't have many options here.

Edx: This is another nice portal for online learning, similar to other platforms they provide most of the courses for free. Most of the courses provided here are from renowned universities like Havard, MIT, etc. The only downside is you have to pay a hefty amount if you want a certificate.

The list is very long, so instead of discussing some other platforms, here is the list of some other platforms.

Build Network: If you are on Linkedin try to enhance your network from different backgrounds. This will help you to explore about different fields and new ideas. Also in case of any misfortune, this network can help to get a new job, so build your network professionally.

Take Small Breaks: If you are working from home, make sure to take small breaks in between the work. Give your self some time to relax, enjoy the time with your family, which will help your mind to relax and focus later.

Perform efficiently: Sometimes working from can be a little distracting too, especially if you are with your kids. But this should not impact your daily schedule and work. This is where the to-do list will very help full. During this pandemic time, your employer is already in a doubt about the performance of each employee, so you have to make sure you are completing the task on time. Give your 100% and try to complete the assigned tasks on time. Completing an assigned task on time might not look big on a daily basis but in the long run, it will help you boost your confidence and your efficiency.

Enjoy Weekend: Give yourself a break during the weekend, do whatever you like to do during this time. Follow your hobby, do whatever you like play video games, cooking, listen to music, dance, etc.

No doubt this pandemic situation is huge but as a Human race, we have overcome so much more in the past, and we will overcome this too, just have faith and Stay safe.

Hopefully, We shared some valuable things here with you. Please share your experience and comment below about your ideas.

Excel Shortcuts, Keyboard Shortcuts, Shortcuts

2020-04-18T03:22:00.001+05:30

Knowing shortcut keys for the computer or any tool is very helpful to increase the performance and efficiency. In this article, we are going to mention some shortcut keys for Windows and Microsoft Excel. Microsoft Excel is one of the most useful and most used tools in any office.

Windows Shortcut Keys| Keyboard Shortcuts

Windows Key + R: Opens the Run window.

Windows Key + E: Opens Explorer.

Alt + Tab: Switch between open programs.

Windows Key + Up Arrow: Maximize the current window.

Ctrl + Shift + Esc: Open Task Manager.

Windows Key + Break: Opens system properties.

Windows Key + F: Opens search for files and folders.

Windows Key + D: Hide/display the desktop.

Alt + Esc: Switch between programs in the order they were opened.

Alt + Letter: Select menu item by underlined letter.

Ctrl + Esc: Open Start menu.

Ctrl + F4: Close active document (does not work with some applications).

Alt + F4: Quit active application or close the current window.

Alt + Spacebar: Open menu for active program.

Ctrl + Left or Right Arrow: Move cursor forward or back one word.

Ctrl + Up or Down Arrow: Move cursor forward or the back one paragraph.

F1: Open the Help menu for the active application.

Windows Key + M: Minimize all windows.

Shift + Windows Key + M: Restore windows that were minimized with the previous keystroke.

Windows + F1: Open Windows Help and Support.

Windows + Tab: Open Task view.

Windows + Break: Open the System Properties dialog box.

Hold the Right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Switch FilterKeys on and off.

Left Alt + Left Shift + Print Screen: Switch High Contrast on and off.

Left Alt + Left Shift + Num Lock: Switch Mouse keys on and off.

Press Shift five times: Switch Sticky keys on and off.

Hold Num Lock for five seconds: Switch Toggle keys on and off.

Excel Shortcuts:

F2: Edit the active cell.

F5: Displays the Go To box.

F7: Open the Spelling dialogue box to check a selected range.

F11: Create a chart of data in the current range in a separate sheet.

Alt + Shift + F1: Insert a new worksheet.

Shift + F3: Opens Insert Function dialogue box.

Shift + F5: Opens the Find and Replace dialogue box.

Ctrl + Shift + Colon (:): Enter the current time.

Ctrl + Semicolon (;): Enter the current date.

Ctrl + A: Select all content in the worksheet.

Ctrl + B: Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl + I: Italicize highlighted selection.

Ctrl + K: Open the Insert Hyperlink dialogue box.

Ctrl + U: Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + 5: Apply strikethrough formatting.

Ctrl + P: Brings up the print dialog box.

Ctrl + Z: Undo.

Ctrl + F9: Minimize a workbook window to an icon.

Ctrl + F10: Maximize a selected workbook window.

Ctrl + F6: Switch to the next workbook window when multiple are open.

Ctrl + Page Up: Move to the previous sheet in a workbook.

Ctrl + Page Down: Move to the next sheet in a workbook.

Ctrl + Tab: Switch to next tab in dialogue box.

Ctrl + Apostrophe ('): Insert the value of the above cell into the cell currently selected.

Ctrl + Shift + !: Apply the Number format.

Ctrl + Shift + $: Apply the Currency format.

Ctrl + Shift + #: Apply the Date format.

Ctrl + Shift + %: Apply the Percentage format.

Ctrl + Shift + ^: Apply the Exponential format.

Ctrl + Shift + @: Apply the Time format.

Ctrl + Arrow Key: Move to the edge of the current data region in a worksheet.

Ctrl + Space: Select an entire column in a worksheet.

Shift + Space: Select an entire row in a worksheet.

Take a printout of these shortcuts and paste/pin in front of your working area or study/computer area, this is the best way to remember these shortcuts.

Click here to download the PDF version of these shortcuts.

We hope you find this article helpful!

MS Word Shortcut Keys

2020-04-15T19:44:00.000+05:30

MS Word or Microsoft Word is another most useful and most famous application. Many institutions use MS word almost every day and to be aware of the shortcuts is always going to stand out you from others. In this article, we are going to provide you with an important list of the MS Word Shortcut Keys.

Function Keys
Key	Description
F1 key	Get help on a selected command, opens office Assistance.
F2 Key	Move text or image.
F3 Key	Insert an autotext entry.
F4 Key	Perform the last action again.
F5 Key	Open Go to, Find and Replace pop-up.
F6 Key	Go to the next frame or pane.
F7 Key	Launch the Spell Checker.
F8 Key	Extend the current selection.
F9 Key	Refresh.
F10 Key	Show KeyTips.
F11 Key	Go to the next field.
F12 Key	Open Save As, equivalent to the tools menu.

Shift with a Function key
Key	Description
Shift + F1 Key	Review text formatting.
Shift + F2 Key	Copy text.
Shift + F3 Key	Change the case of the selected text.
Shift + F4 Key	Perform a Find or Go To action again.
Shift + F5 Key	Move to a previous revision.
Shift + F6 Key	Go to the previous frame or pane.
Shift + F7 Key	Launch the Thesaurus.
Shift + F8 Key	Shrink the current selection.
Shift + F9 Key	Switch between a field code and its result.
Shift + F10 Key	Display a Shortcut Menu (same as right-clicking).
SHIFT + F11 Key	Go to the previous field.
Shift + F12 Key	Save the document, equivalent to the tools menu.

Control Key Shortcuts
Key	Description
Ctrl and A	Selects all in the current document.
Ctrl and B	Bold text.
Ctrl and C	Copies the item or text.
Ctrl and D	Displays the Font dialogue box.
Ctrl and E	Switch a paragraph between the center and left alignment.
Ctrl and F	Displays the Find dialog box to search the current document.
Ctrl and G	Displays the Go To dialog box to search for a specific location in the current document.
Ctrl and H	Displays the Replace dialogue box.
Ctrl and I	Italicize text.
Ctrl and J	Switch a paragraph between justified and left alignment.
Ctrl and K	Create a hyperlink.
Ctrl and L	Left aligns a paragraph.
Ctrl and M	Indent a paragraph from the left.
Ctrl and N	Create a new document.
Ctrl and O	Opens a new document.
Ctrl and P	Prints a document.
Ctrl and R	Switch the alignment of a paragraph between left and right.
Ctrl and S	Saves a document.
Ctrl and U	Underlines text.
Ctrl and V	Pastes the copied item or text.
Ctrl and X	Cuts the selected item or text.
Ctrl and Y	Redo the last action.
Ctrl and Z	Undo the last action.
Ctrl and Enter	Insert a page break.
Ctrl and F2	Select the Print Preview command.
Ctrl and F4	Closes the active window.
Ctrl and F6	Opens the next window if multiple are open.

If you need help with any of the above-mentioned shortcuts, please mentioned that in the comment box below, we will try to explain that to you.

We hope you find this article helpful!

Entity-Relationship Model (E-R Model)

2020-04-07T02:39:00.000+05:30

Underlying the structure of a database is the data model, a collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics, and consistency constraints. We are going to discuss one of the Data Model in this Article.

The Entity-Relationship Model:

The entity-relationship (E-R) data model is based on a perception of a real-world that consists of a collection of basic objects, called entities, and of relationships among these objects. An entity is a “thing” or “object” in the real world that is distinguishable from other objects. For example, each person is an entity, and bank accounts can be considered as entities.

Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes. For example, the attributes account-number and balance may describe one particular account in a bank, and they form attributes of the account entity set. Similarly, attributes customer-name, customer-street address, and customer-city may describe a customer entity.

An extra attribute customer-id is used to uniquely identify customers (since it may be possible to have two customers with the same name, street address, and city). A unique customer identifier must be assigned to each customer. In the United States, many enterprises use the social security number of a person (a unique number the U.S. government assigns to every person in the United States) as a customer identifier.

A relationship is an association among several entities. For example, a depositor relationship associates a customer with each account that she has. The set of all entities of the same type and the set of all relationships of the same type are termed an entity set and relationship set, respectively.

The overall logical structure (schema) of a database can be expressed graphically by an E-R diagram, which is built up from the following components:

Rectangles, which represent entity sets

Ellipses, which represent attributes

Diamonds, which represent relationships among entity sets

Lines, which link attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationships

Each component is labeled with the entity or relationship that it represents.

As an illustration, consider part of a database banking system consisting of customers and of the accounts that these customers have. The below diagram shows the corresponding E-R diagram. The E-R diagram indicates that there are two entity sets, customer and account, with attributes as outlined earlier. The diagram also shows a relationship depositor between customer and account.

In addition to entities and relationships, the E-R model represents certain constraints to which the contents of a database must conform. One important constraint is mapping cardinalities, which express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set. For example, if each account must belong to only one customer, the E-R model can express that constraint.

The entity-relationship model is widely used in database design.

In our next article, we will discuss the other type of Data model "Relational Data Model".

Data Abstraction

2020-04-01T00:41:00.001+05:30

For the system to be usable, it must retrieve data efficiently. The need for efficiency has led designers to use complex data structures to represent data in the database. Since many database-systems users are not computer trained, developers hide the complexity from users through several levels of abstraction, to simplify users’ interactions with the system:

Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how the data are actually stored. The physical level describes complex low-level data structures in detail.

Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction describes what data are stored in the database, and what relationships exist among those data. The logical level thus describes the entire database in terms of a small number of relatively simple structures. Although the implementation of the simple structures at the logical level may involve complex physical-level structures, the user of the logical level does not need to be aware of this complexity. Database administrators, who must decide what information to keep in the database, use the logical level of abstraction.

View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of the entire database. Even though the logical level uses simpler structures, complexity remains because of the variety of information stored in a large database. Many users of the database system do not need all this information; instead, they need to access only a part of the database. The view level of abstraction exists to simplify their interaction with the system. The system may provide many views for the same database.

The below diagram shows the relationship between the three levels of abstraction.

An analogy to the concept of data types in programming languages may clarify the distinction among levels of abstraction. Most high-level programming languages support the notion of a record type. For example, in a Pascal-like language, we may declare a record as follows:

type customer = record

customer-id : string;

customer-name : string;

customer-street : string;

customer-city : string;

end;

This code defines a new record type called customer with four fields. Each field has a name and a type associated with it. A banking enterprise may have several such record types, including

account, with fields account-number and balance

employee, with fields employee-name and salary

At the physical level, a customer, account, or employee record can be described as a block of consecutive storage locations (for example, words or bytes). The language compiler hides this level of detail from programmers. Similarly, the database system hides many of the lowest-level storage details from database programmers. Database administrators, on the other hand, maybe aware of certain details of the physical organization of the data.

At the logical level, each such record is described by a type definition, as in the previous code segment, and the interrelationship of these record types is defined as well. Programmers using programming language work at this level of abstraction. Similarly, database administrators usually work at this level of abstraction.

Finally, at the view level, computer users see a set of application programs that hide details of the data types. Similarly, at the view level, several views of the database are defined, and database users see these views. In addition to hiding details of the logical level of the database, the views also provide a security mechanism to prevent users from accessing certain parts of the database. For example, tellers in a bank see only that part of the database that has information on customer accounts; they cannot access information about the salaries of employees.

Database Systems versus File Systems

2020-03-29T22:56:00.000+05:30

Consider part of a savings-bank enterprise that keeps the information about all customers and savings accounts. One way to keep the information on a computer is to store it in operating system files. To allow users to manipulate the information, the system has a number of application programs that manipulate the files, including
A program to debit or credit an account
A program to add a new account
A program to find the balance of an account
A program to generate monthly statements

System programmers wrote these application programs to meet the needs of the bank.

New application programs are added to the system as the need arises. For example, suppose that the savings bank decides to offer checking accounts. As a result, the bank creates new permanent files that contain information about all the checking accounts maintained in the bank, and it may have to write new application programs to deal with situations that do not arise in savings accounts, such as overdrafts. Thus, as time goes by, the system acquires more files and more application programs.

This typical file-processing system is supported by a conventional operating system. The system stores permanent records in various files, and it needs different application programs to extract records from, and add records to, the appropriate files. Before database management systems (DBMSs) came along, organizations usually stored information in such systems.

Keeping organizational information in a file-processing system has a number of major disadvantages:

Data redundancy and inconsistency: Since different programmers create the files and application programs over a long period, the various files are likely to have different formats and the programs may be written in several programming languages. Moreover, the same information may be duplicated in several places (files). For example, the address and telephone number of a particular customer may appear in a file that consists of savings-account records and in a file that consists of checking-account records. This redundancy leads to higher storage and access cost. In addition, it may lead to data inconsistency that is, the various copies of the same data may no longer agree. For example, a changed customer address may be reflected in savings-account records but not elsewhere in the system.

Difficulty in accessing data: Suppose that one of the bank officers needs to find out the names of all customers who live within a particular postal-code area. The officer asks the data-processing department to generate such a list. Because the designers of the original system did not anticipate this request, there is no application program on hand to meet it. There is, however, an application program to generate the list of all customers. The bank officer has now two choices: either obtain the list of all customers and extract the needed information manually or ask a system programmer to write the necessary application program. Both alternatives are obviously unsatisfactory. Suppose that such a program is written, and that, several days later, the same officer needs to trim that list to include only those customers who have an account balance of $10,000 or more. As expected, a program to generate such a list does not exist. Again, the officer has the preceding two options, neither of which is satisfactory. The point here is that conventional file-processing environments do not allow needed data to be retrieved in a convenient and efficient manner. More responsive data-retrieval systems are required for general use.

Data isolation: Because data are scattered in various files, and files may be in different formats, writing new application programs to retrieve the appropriate data is difficult.

Integrity problems: The data values stored in the database must satisfy certain types of consistency constraints. For example, the balance of a bank account may never fall below a prescribed amount (say, $25). Developers enforce these constraints in the system by adding appropriate code in the various application programs. However, when new constraints are added, it is difficult to change the programs to enforce them. The problem is compounded when constraints involve several data items from different files.

Atomicity problems: A computer system, like any other mechanical or electrical device, is subject to failure. In many applications, it is crucial that, if a failure occurs, the data be restored to the consistent state that existed prior to the failure. Consider a program to transfer $50 from account A to account B. If a system failure occurs during the execution of the program, it is possible that the $50 was removed from account A but was not credited to account B, resulting in an inconsistent database state. Clearly, it is essential to database consistency that either both the credit and debit occur, or that neither occur. That is, the fund transfer must be atomic—it must happen in its entirety or not at all. It is difficult to ensure atomicity in a conventional file-processing system.

Concurrent-access anomalies: For the sake of the overall performance of the system and faster response, many systems allow multiple users to update the data simultaneously. In such an environment, the interaction of concurrent updates may result in inconsistent data. Consider bank account A, containing $500. If two customers withdraw funds (say $50 and $100 respectively) from account A at about the same time, the result of the concurrent executions may leave the account in an incorrect (or inconsistent) state. Suppose that the programs executing on behalf of each withdrawal read the old balance, reduce that value by the amount being withdrawn, and write the result back. If the two programs run concurrently, they may both read the value $500, and write back $450 and $400, respectively. Depending on which one writes the value last, the account may contain either $450 or $400, rather than the correct value of $350. To guard against this possibility, the system must maintain some form of supervision. But supervision is difficult to provide because data may be accessed by many different application programs that have not been coordinated previously.

Security problems: Not every user of the database system should be able to access all the data. For example, in a banking system, payroll personnel need to see only that part of the database that has information about the various bank employees. They do not need access to information about customer accounts. But, since application programs are added to the system in an ad hoc manner, enforcing such security constraints is difficult.

These difficulties, among others, prompted the development of database systems. In the coming article, you will see how the Database system helps us in solving these anomalies of the file processing system.

How to fix Google AdSense site unreachable issue

2020-03-11T07:30:00.001+05:30

You have a fantastic blog with a lot of great and unique posts and a lot of followers. Now you finally thought of registering your blog or website to monetize it and one of the very first options which come into our mind is Google Adsense. You created a Google AdSense account and then trying to register your site but the very next moment you saw an error “Your site is unreachable” with some more information like make sure you have provided the correct URL and your site is up and running. You are confused now, my site is up and running, I can easily access my site, I have provided correct URL. Then what’s the issue? In this article, I am going to help you fixing this issue with step by step explanation so continue reading till the end.

Step1:

Open another tab in your browser and write your website URL in “http://www.yoursiteurl.com” then hit enter. You should be able to access your site if it’s up and running. Now open another tab and copy the URL showing at google Adsense page, that might be in this format “http://yoursiteurl.com”, you might get an error like this site cannot be reached. Note here the second URL is without “www” in the beginning. This type of URL calls a naked URL. If you try opening Google.com with or without “www” you will be able to open with no error. By default, Google Adsense uses any website URL in a naked format.

Now you know the issue, let’s try to fix it.

Step2:

If you have purchased your domain from Google follow the below steps to correct the issue. Open Google Domain and then click on the DNS option from the side panel. Go to the Synthetic Records section and make sure to delete the hosting detail.

Step3:

Go to the website option in the side panel. Click on the three dots and then disconnect your website.

Step4:

Once the website is disconnected, click on build your website option. Then go to the next page to select your website builder, it can be a blogger, e-commerce, etc.

While connecting to your website, make sure to check in the “Also Redirect” option. This option will redirect “http://yoursiteurl.com” to “http://www.yoursiteurl.com”.

Step5:
Once your site has been connected to the domain again. Test it in another tab, with and without the "www" URL. If you are able to access both ways then go back to Adsense again and click on check again.

This will fix your site unreachable issue with Google Adsense. If your domain provider is different then check with them to fix this issue.

What is DBMS- Database Management System

2020-03-08T06:35:00.001+05:30

A database-management system (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data. The collection of data, usually referred to as the database, contains information relevant to an enterprise. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information that is both convenient and efficient.

Database systems are designed to manage large bodies of information. Management of data involves both defining structures for the storage of information and providing mechanisms for the manipulation of information. In addition, the database system must ensure the safety of the information stored, despite system crashes or attempts at unauthorized access. If data are to be shared among several users, the system must avoid possible anomalous results. Because information is so important in most organizations, computer scientists have developed a large body of concepts and techniques for managing data.

Databases are widely used. Here are some representative applications:

Banking: For customer information, accounts, and loans, and banking transactions.
Airlines: For reservations and schedule information. Airlines were among the first to use databases in a geographically distributed manner—terminals situated around the world accessed the central database system through phone lines and other data networks.
Universities: For student information, course registrations, and grades.
Credit card transactions: For purchases on credit cards and generation of monthly statements.
Telecommunication: For keeping records of calls made, generating monthly bills, maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards, and storing information about the communication networks.
Finance: For storing information about holdings, sales, and purchases of financial instruments such as stocks and bonds.
Sales: For the customer, product, and purchase information.
Manufacturing: For the management of the supply chain and for tracking the production of items in factories, inventories of items in warehouses/stores, and orders for items.
Human resources: For information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes and benefits, and for the generation of paychecks.

As the list illustrates, databases form an essential part of almost all enterprises today. Over the course of the last four decades of the twentieth century, the use of databases grew in all enterprises. In the early days, very few people interacted directly with database systems, although without realizing it they interacted with databases indirectly through printed reports such as credit card statements, or through agents such as bank tellers and airline reservation agents. Then automated teller machines came along and let users interact directly with databases. Phone interfaces to computers (interactive voice response systems) also allowed users to deal directly with databases—a caller could dial a number, and press phone keys to enter information or to select alternative options, to find flight arrival/departure times, for example, or to register for courses in a university.

Operating System

2019-08-13T07:04:00.001+05:30

In our daily life, we are using a computer and discuss Windows XP, 7, 10, etc. so many times. Have you ever wonder what is this Windows? This window is nothing but an operating system. In today's article, we are going to discuss a different type of computer operating systems.

As a user, you ask your computer to work on several tasks and the computer does it for you. In our earlier article, we have already discussed the basics of computer and if you remember that, the computer is made of nothing but different hardware. If you want to refresh the basic of computer click here. Now any computer CPU can understand only binary language ( we will discuss it in our other article) that means 1 and 0. As a user, you never provide your instruction in the form of binary language. You mostly give it with either some keyboard command or with some mouse clicks. Ever wonder how your instruction gets converted to binary language for the computer to work. This where the operating system comes into play. So a computer operating system works as an Interface between you (User) and the Computer Hardware. But Operating system not just work as an Interface it handles a lot of other tasks too, keep reading and I will share with you all those.

The earlier operating system was mostly command-based, that means you will have a command prompt or terminal, where you have to write different commands for any task. Some of the Command based operating systems are DOS, UNIX(Some older version) like AIX, etc. Modern Days operating systems are much easier and mostly GUI based (Graphical User Interface) e.g. Windows XP, 7, 10, UBUNTU, Fedora, Red-HAT Linux, Android, Mac-OS, I-OS. Some of the above mentioned operating systems are used in Mobile phones like Android and I-OS.

Some of the most important tasks performed by the Operating System are:

Memory Management.
Processor Management.
Device Management.
File Management.
Security.
Job Management.
System Performance Management.
Error Handling

Let's discuss some of the above-mentioned tasks in detail now.

Memory Management: An Operating system manages primary memory (Main Memory). If you want to learn about Computer memory check our other article here. Primary memory is made up of an array of bytes, where every byte has one address allocated to it. Just like our Society or Colony, where each house has an address. Operating System (OS) keeps track of all these memory addresses like which program is using which address and what are the available address. Whenever any program asks for some memory for calculation, it sends the request to the OS and OS assigned the program appropriate address to the available memory. Once the program is over OS makes sure to clean up the memory so that it can get used by another program.

Process Management: In a multiprogramming environment, OS is responsible for the allocation of the processor (CPU) to a different program, so that multiple tasks can be completed in a short time. OS decides which program will get the processor for how long thus maintain the multiprogramming environment.

Device Management: OS manages different devices through their drivers in the Computer. For example, if you connect any speaker to the computer, and play any song in your computer OS manage your speaker through the sound driver install in your computer. If you have multiple music players installed on your computer and you play songs in those, your OS will manage the speaker for different music player program.

File Management: Every OS has its own File System, a File System is nothing but the way of organizing files inside your computer like Folders, text file, etc. OS is responsible to maintain the Files like the location, size, status, etc. OS save your file to the secondary memory and decides who get the resources.

Security: OS maintain the security of the computer using user id and password. It also prevents unauthorized access to the computer by providing with different level of security.

Apart from the above-discussed tasks, OS is responsible for a lot of other tasks too like Error Handling, Performance management, etc. With every update in the Operating system, the life of a User is getting easier. We cannot imagine working on the computer without an operating system.

Hope you find this article helpful!

If you have any question regarding this topic then please leave your query in the comment section below.

Computer Memory

2019-08-12T05:32:00.000+05:30

In some of our earlier article, we have discussed the Invention of Computer and some basics components of the computer. If you have missed those, I will highly recommend you to check those. Click here to land on our computer page. In this article, we are going to discuss the memory of Computers. You might have already seen lots of questions asked in past in different type of competitive exams like SSC, IBPS, RRB, etc.

Computer memory is almost similar to our memory. For example, when we are calculating some maths problem in our head we keep some of the data information in our memory and use those during the calculation. Similarly, Computer also needs data to be stored in some kind of memory which the CPU can access during the calculation.

On a very high level, computer memory can be divided into two types.

Volatile Memory.
Non-Volatile Memory.

Volatile Memory is that kind of memory which can store data only while having a power supply. Once the power supply is off, the memory will be cleaned up. CPU Cache memory and RAM (Random Access Memory) are a volatile memory.

Cache Memory: Cache Memory is some small memory which exists inside the CPU, this memory is some semiconductor memory lies inside CPU and very fast. CPU uses this memory to store temporary and repetitive data needed for the calculation. Operating system transferred data or information from Secondary memory to cache memory, so that CPU can access data or information required easily and fast.

Advantage:

Cache memory is faster than other computer memory
CPU required a very short time to transfer data from cache memory.

Disadvantage:

Cache memory is very expensive.
Cache memory is very small in size and volatile.

Primary Memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read-Only Memory (ROM) are considered as primary memory of Computers. These are also the volatile type of memory and gets cleaned up upon power off. Generally, a computer can have RAM sizes varies from 128MB to 16 GB. A computer can not runs without RAM. These are semiconductor memories and slower than the Cache memory.

Advantage:

These are generally cheaper than Cache memory.
These are semiconductor memory.
It is the working memory of the computer.

Disadvantage:

These are a volatile memory.
Expensive than Secondary memory.

Non-Volatile Memory is that kind of memory which exists even without power supply. These type of memory ate generally magnetic or optical memory. Data can be stored permanently in this memory.

Secondary Memory: This memory is where data and instruction get stored permanently. Secondary memory is used by the Operating system to transferred stored data into Primary memory like RAM/ROM to be used by the CPU. This memory is slower than the primary memory but non-volatile. Secondary memory is also cheaper compared to RAM or Cache memory. This memory is based on magnetic or optical memory. For example, Hard Disk Drive(HDD), CD-ROM, USB drive, etc.

Advantage:

These are Cheaper than the other two memory.
Non-volatile
bigger in Size.

Disadvantage:

Slower than the other two memory.

Hope you find this article helpful!

If you have any question regarding this topic then please leave your query in the comment section below.

Who Invented Computer ?

2019-05-12T00:04:00.004+05:30

Computers have become the basic necessity of any Organization with Serious Objective, quite serious. We all Use it Somehow, somewhere in our day to day life. We are using it but we don't know about the invention of it how it comes, how it became popular, how it became the "Part of Life". We all know that Wheel is one of the Greatest Invention by Human Beings, Computer's Invention is also Related to the WHEELS. So let's begin our journey to the world where the excellent thoughts were going to make "History" and find out "Who Invented Computer ?"

Its 2500 B.C, first recorded Computer by Abacus. It was a rectangular wooden frame with beads strung on parallel wires. It was Invented in China and soon used by Greeks, Romans, and Japanese.

In the Year 1614, a Scottish Mathematician John Napier introduces the concept of Logarithms. He used a set of bones to Perform Multiplication. He used 11 bones having four faces each. Each bone was carved with numbers on it. These numbers were so carved that by keeping them side by side, the Product of Number could be Obtained. Hence the name "Napier Bones".Isn't it Interesting?

In the Year 1630, an English Mathematician, William Oughtred, developed the Slide Rule. It was designed on the basis of Logarithm. It consists of 2 scales, one of which slides over the other. It was so designed that whenever one scale slides over the other, alignment of one on the other gave the result of basic arithmetic operation.

In the Year 1642, a French mathematician, Blaise Pascal, Invented this Machine. He developed it for his father's Business Calculation. It was made up of Counter wheels. This was capable of Performing Addition, Subtractions, Multiplication and Division. Multiplication and Division were carried out in terms of Addition and Subtraction. The ERA of mechanical calculating machines started with the invention of the "PASCALINE".

PASCALINE Calculator:

In the Year 1671, One electro-mechanical computer called "Rotating wheel Calculator" was designed by German mathematician, Gottfried Von Leibnitz on the Principle of "PASCALINE".

After that In 1822, a professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University, Charles Babbage, invented the Differential Engine. This was a hand operated machine with wheels, levers and mechanical linkages. In the Year 1833, Charles Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer and developed the Analytical Engine which is the base of all the modern day computer.

Charles Babbage:

Babbage Machine consisted of Five Functional Units such as:

1. Input Unit.

2. Memory Unit.

3. Arithmetic Unit.

4. Control Unit.

5. Output Unit.

The Architecture of modern digital computer resembles the Analytical Engine and hence Charles Babbage is Called "THE FATHER OF COMPUTERS".

If you want to learn more about any other computer topics click here.

Hope you find this article helpful!

If you have any question regarding this topic then please leave your query in the comment section below.

_________________________________________________________________________________

sources: www.wikipedia.com, google images & google.com

Career Options After Class 12 in Engineering in India

2019-05-11T02:48:00.000+05:30

Class 12th results are out and most of the students and parents are still in dilemma about their career options in engineering. So here we provide you a list of career options in the field of engineering which we hope will be able to solve your dilemmas.

According to Wikipedia, India is the largest producer of engineers in the world. A vast majority of Indian students opt for an engineering degree. The most sought after degree in engineering is the Bachelor of Engineering (B.E) and Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech).

Eligibility: Maths, Physics, and Chemistry as the main subject in class 11 and 12.

Entrance Exams/ Tests: Some of the top entrance exams conducted in India are:

Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAMCET): It's an entrance test required for the engineering and medical colleges in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

JEE Main: JEE-Main, which replaced AIEEE, is for admission to the National Institutes of Technology (NITs), Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs), and some other colleges classified as centrally funded technical institutes(CFTIs).

JEE advanced: JEE-Advanced, which replaced IIT-JEE, is for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Only the students selected in JEE Mains are eligible for appearing in JEE Advanced.

VITEEE: VITEEE is conducted by the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) for admissions to its BTech programmes.

SRMJEEE: This is conducted by SRM University for its campuses in Kattankulathur, Ramapuram, Vadapalani, and Delhi-NCR.

KIITEE: This entrance exam is for Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar.

Maharashtra Common Entrance Test (MHT CET): This entrance exam is conducted by the DTE (Directorate of Technical Education), Maharashtra.

West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination (WBJEE): This entrance exam is for admission to undergraduate and postgraduate courses offered in engineering, architecture, and pharmacy by colleges in the West Bengal.

Kerala Engineering Agricultural Medical (KEAM): It's an entrance test required for various professional degree courses in Kerala.

Odisha Joint Entrance Examination: It's an entrance test required for admission in engineering, medical and management institutes in Odisha.

Rajasthan Pre-Engineering Test (RPET) / Rajasthan Engineering Admission Process (REAP): RPET is an entrance test for admission in engineering colleges in Rajasthan except for BITS Pilani, MNIT Jaipur and other deemed private universities.

Birla Institute of Technology and Science Admission Test (BITSAT): It's conducted by Birla Institute of Technology, Pilani. BITS Pilani is a private institute which conducts BITSAT and takes the admission on merit basis.

Uni-GAUGE Online Engineering Entrance Exam: Uni-GAUGE-E Online Entrance Exam for engineering provides an opportunity for 12th standard/PUC students aspiring to have admissions in the engineering institutions and universities across India. They have 22+ partnering Universities with Uni-GAUGE all over India. After the exam candidates get a Score Card and with that, they can individually go to any of the partnering universities and apply accordingly.

Consortium of Medical, Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka (COMEDK): COMEDK entrance is for admission to all the private Karnataka engineering colleges.

Branches of Engineering in India:

Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

Agricultural Engineering

Aeronautical Engineering

Bio-Medical Engineering

Bio-Technology

Biochemical Engineering

Civil Engineering

Chemical and Alcohol Technology

Computer Science Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering

Electronics & Telecomm Engineering

Electronics Engineering

Electronics Instrumentation & Control

Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Electronics & Communication Engineering

Environmental Engineering

Industrial Production Engineering

Instrumentation & Control

Food Technology

Industrial Engineering

Instrumentation Engineering

Information Technology

Leather Technology

Marine Engineering

Material Science

Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Mining Engineering

Man Made Fibre Technology

Manufacturing Technology

Marine Engineering

Oil Technology

Metallurgical Engineering

Production Engineering

Plastic Technology

Textile Engineering

Textile Technology

Production & Industrial Engineering

Silk and Textile Engineering

Hope you find this article helpful!

If you have any question regarding this topic then please leave your query in the comment section below.

Windows Commands

2019-04-12T04:44:00.002+05:30

So many Windows Commands questions have been asked previously in many of the competitive exams like IBPS, RRB & other Govt. Exams. In this article, we are going to provide you with an important list of the Windows Commands also known as MS-DOS commands. All these commands can be executed in a command prompt. In your computer to open a command prompt go to start menu and then type in the search box "cmd". Once the command prompt is open you can start typing each of the below-mentioned commands and execute.

Command	Description
ASSOC	Displays or modifies file extension associations.
ATTRIB	Displays or changes file attributes.
BREAK	Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking.
BCDEDIT	Sets properties in boot database to control boot loading.
CACLS	Displays or modifies access control lists (ACLs) of files.
CALL	Calls one batch program from another.
CD	Displays the name of or changes the current directory.
CHCP	Displays or sets the active code page number.
CHDIR	Displays the name of or changes the current directory.
CHKDSK	Checks a disk and displays a status report.
CHKNTFS	Displays or modifies the checking of disk at boot time.
CLS	Clears the screen.
CMD	Starts a new instance of the Windows command interpreter.
COLOR	Sets the default console foreground and background colors.
COMP	Compares the contents of two files or sets of files.
COMPACT	Displays or alters the compression of files on NTFS partitions.
CONVERT	Converts FAT volumes to NTFS. You cannot convert the current drive.
COPY	Copies one or more files to another location.
DATE	Displays or sets the date.
DEL	Deletes one or more files.
DIR	Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
DISKCOMP	Compares the contents of two floppy disks.
DISKCOPY	Copies the contents of one floppy disk to another.
DISKPART	Displays or configures Disk Partition properties.
DOSKEY	Edits command lines, recalls Windows commands and creates macros.
DRIVERQUERY	Displays current device driver status and properties.
ECHO	Displays messages, or turns command echoing on or off.
ENDLOCAL	Ends localization of environment changes in a batch file.
ERASE	Deletes one or more files.
EXIT	Quits the CMD.EXE program (command interpreter).
FC	Compares two files or sets of files, and displays the differences between them.
FIND	Searches for a text string in a file or files.
FINDSTR	Searches for strings in files.
FOR	Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files.
FORMAT	Formats a disk for use with Windows.
FSUTIL	Displays or configures the file system properties.
FTYPE	Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations.
GOTO	Directs the Windows command interpreter to a labeled line in a batch program.
GPRESULT	Displays Group Policy information for machine or user.
GRAFTABL	Enables Windows to display an extended character set in graphics mode.
HELP	Provides Help information for Windows commands.
ICACLS	Display, modify, backup, or restore ACLs for files and directories.
IF	Performs conditional processing in batch programs.
LABEL	Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk.
MD	Creates a directory.
MKDIR	Creates a directory.
MKLINK	Creates Symbolic Links and Hard Links
MODE	Configures a system device.
MORE	Displays output one screen at a time.
MOVE	Moves one or more files from one directory to another directory.
OPENFILES	Displays files opened by remote users for a file share.
PATH	Displays or sets a search path for executable files.
PAUSE	Suspends processing of a batch file and displays a message.
POPD	Restores the previous value of the current directory saved by PUSHD.
PRINT	Prints a text file.
PROMPT	Changes the Windows command prompt.
PUSHD	Saves the current directory then changes it.
RD	Removes a directory.
RECOVER	Recovers readable information from a bad or defective disk.
REM	Records comments (remarks) in batch files or CONFIG.SYS.
REN	Renames a file or files.
RENAME	Renames a file or files.
REPLACE	Replaces files.
RMDIR	Removes a directory.
ROBOCOPY	Advanced utility to copy files and directory trees
SET	Displays sets or removes Windows environment variables.
SETLOCAL	Begins localization of environment changes in a batch file.
SC	Displays or configures services (background processes).
SCHTASKS	Schedules commands and programs to run on a computer.
SHIFT	Shifts the position of replaceable parameters in batch files.
SHUTDOWN	Allows proper local or remote shutdown of the machine.
SORT	Sorts input.
START	Starts a separate window to run a specified program or command.
SUBST	Associates a path with a drive letter.
SYSTEMINFO	Displays machine specific properties and configuration.
TASKLIST	Displays all currently running tasks including services.
TASKKILL	Kill or stop a running process or application.
TIME	Displays or sets the system time.
TITLE	Sets the window title for a CMD.EXE session.
TREE	Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or path.
TYPE	Displays the contents of a text file.
VER	Displays the Windows version.
VERIFY	Tells Windows whether to verify that your files are written correctly to a disk.
VOL	Displays a disk volume label and serial number.
XCOPY	Copies files and directory trees.
WMIC	Displays WMI information inside the interactive command shell.

If you need help with any of the above-mentioned commands, please mentioned that in the comment box below, we will try to explain that to you.

We hope you find this article helpful!

Career options after Class 10 in India

2019-04-01T08:23:00.000+05:30

CBSE Class 10, examinations have ended and the most important confusion or rather question is WHAT's NEXT?

Most of the parents or students are inclined to choose either Engineering or Medical, but do you know there are a number of other career options are available. In this article, we are going to discuss all those career options after Class 10. Read through till the end as this article can help you to choose the right career option.

Intermediate (10+2): This is one of the most common options for anyone, you can do your 10+2 from Arts, Commerce or Science. You can apply to any of the Higher Secondary (10+2) school and get admission. There are different boards like CBSE, ICSE, State boards are available to choose from.

Polytechnic: Polytechnic can be a great option because after completion of polytechnic many Engineering colleges can provide you admission to 2nd year directly. Polytechnic can be completed in 3 years and you can opt to choose from different Technologies, provided below.

Mechanical

Computer Science

Civil

Electrical

Electronics and Communications

Bio-Technology

Bio-Medical

Agriculture

Marine Technology

Leather Technology etc.

Industrial Training Institute( ITI ): This is another good option after class 10. This is 2 years of course and you are eligible to apply for jobs after this. In ITI also, you have options to choose from below mentioned fields.

Computer

Civil

Mechanical

Welder

Fireman

Cookery

Electrician

Plumber etc.

Paramedical: If you choose to be a Health Inspector, Sanitary Inspector this is the best option to choose. Paramedical is the study related to Medical work like Nursing, Physiotherapy, etc. This is 3 years of course and will open the option of jobs immediately after completion.

Apart from above-mentioned options, you can choose to get training on some other courses also, these courses generally take 6 to 12 months of time. The list is provided below:

DTP

TALLY

Internet

Graphics

Animation

Web-designing

Fashion Designing

Photography etc.

If you are interested in any particular topic like photography, teaching, cooking, etc. there is another option for you. You can start your own Youtube channel, yes you heard me right, the Legal Age for Youtube is 13 years. You can take some training from Youtube itself and start your own channel, this can be a great career option.

Conclusion:

Choosing the right career option is really important after class 10, as this one decision can shape your future. While choosing any of the above options, make sure to ask a question to you, Which is the subject/Topic you enjoy most and decide your career option based on that.

We hope you find this article helpful!

Basics of Computer

2019-03-22T08:22:00.000+05:30

We all have heard or used a computer today. A computer is now an integral part of our life. We use this device everywhere in our schools, banks, Airports, Defence or any other place you name it. Computers make our life easier and solve our so many daily tasks so quickly. In this article, we are going to learn about the basic structure of any computer system. Do you know the computer used to exists before the 20th century and went through different generations, If you want to learn more about History and generation of computer, click here.

As per Google, the meaning of Computer is.

The Computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data. In a very basic term, we can think of the computer as a device which give any data as input and after processing gives us a different set of data or information. For example, we use the keyboard as an input device and feed a different kind of keystrokes as data, computer process all those and gives you output.

The very basic structure of any computer system is provided below in the image, we will discuss each one of them later in the article, so keep reading.

A computer unit can be divided into four components.

Input Unit
Control Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Output Unit

Input Unit: Any Devices, like keyboard, mouse, microphone, etc, which are used to input data or instruction to control unit are called Input Unit.

Control Unit: Control Unit the center of any computer system and it interacts with each of the other units.

Arithmetic Logic Unit: Computer understands everything in binary format meaning in the form of 1 or 0. The Arithmetic Logic unit is the brain of the computer and does all kind of arithmetic (Addition, Subtraction, Differentiation, etc.) or logical calculation (Greater than, Less than, equality, etc).

Output Unit: Any Devices like monitor, Speakers, printers, etc, which are used to provide the output based on the input provided are called Output Unit. For example, you provided input through a microphone and recorded your audio in the computer, when you will play that audio you can hear the output in the form of a sound through the speakers.

Memory: All input data, instructions, and interim data get stored into memory. The memory can be primary or secondary memory. The primary memory is also called cache memory which resided within the processor (you might have heard about Pentium 4, Intel i-3/i-5/i-7 processor) and the secondary memory is nothing but the RAM (Random Access Memory).

The Control Unit, Arithmetic Unit, and Memory are together called the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Every Computer has some hardware components e.g. Mouse, Keyboard, Motherboard, etc. The other component of Computer is some program or applications which interacts with all the hardware and complete predefined tasks are called Softwares.

Every computer is designed on the above-mentioned architect and it is getting updated and upgraded every day.

We hope you find this article helpful!

The OSI (Open System Interconnection) Model

2019-03-16T03:53:00.000+05:30

What is the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model?

The Open System Interconnection model (OSI) is a seven-layer model used to visualize computer networks. In 1970, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) conducted a program to develop general standards and methods of networking. A similar program started at the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee. Both bodies developed documents that defined similar networking models. In 1983, these two documents were merged to form a standard called The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection. The standard is usually referred to as the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, or simply OSI model. The OSI model is often viewed as complicated and many fear to have to learn the model. However, the OSI model is an extremely useful tool for development and problem-solving.

There are seven layers of the OSI model. These layers can be broadly divided into two parts:

Host Part or Software Parts: This part is closer to human e.g. Web-browser, Operating system, etc.

Media Layer or Hardware Part: This part is where all the machines reside.

Let’s discuss each of these layers in details. While discussing we will move from top to bottom layer.

Application Layer: The application layer is where user inputs data. The application layer is usually software that is run off the local machine. The application layer provides services for email, Telnet and File Transfer, etc. For example, when you have to access www.careerneeti.com you will have to open a web browser and enter the web address to the address bar.

Presentation Layer: The presentation layer is where the data get formatted or encrypted. The operating system resides in this layer. This operating system could be Windows 10, Mac OS, Linux, etc. This is the layer where human interacts with the application layer and the application layer interacts with the Presentation layer.

Session Layer: This layer is responsible for creating and maintaining the session between the operating system or presentation layer and third-party application or web servers. For example, when you entered the address www.careerneeti.com in the browser, the application layer interacts with the presentation layer and the session layer, which allows the operating system to create a session with the web server.

Transport Layer: The Transport layer is responsible for the transmission of data. When we request for any web page, the request gets split into multiple packets and transport layer make sure how much and what information gets transferred between the operating system and web server.

Network layer: The Network layer is where all the hardware components start to work. The router operates at this layer. A router is a hardware device which is responsible for forwarding the packets of information to a different computer via the internet. This is the layer where the IP addresses come into play and based on this address router determine where to send or receive information. In your computer command prompt or terminal, if you type ipconfig, you can find your system IP address.

Data Link Layer: Another hardware component Switch works at the Data link layer. These switches provide a reliable link between two connected nodes (A node is any computer connected within a network/Internet). This layer also fixes any packet error might occur at Physical Layer (we will discuss next). This layer can be divided between two layers, Media Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC). When you type ipconfig /all in command prompt as shown below, with your computer IP address you can see Physical Adress as known as MAC address, which also gets associated with the packet network layer send over to the web server.

Physical Layer: The Physical layer is what makes a network. The Ethernet cable or LAN cable, Bluetooth, etc. are few of the example which makes a network. This layer where we need to determine the Network transmission mode (Simplex, half duplex, full duplex, etc. we will discuss on these in our next post), Network topology, Protocols, and any other physical specifications.

Let’s understand all these with an explanation provided below:

When you type in www.careerneeti.com in your web browser (Google Chrome), you basically raise a request for the web page (home page) of "Careerneeti" website to the web server. This Request then gets passed from one layer to another from Top to bottom as shown in figure step 1. Once the request reached the physical layer it gets connected to the server-side physical layer and then at step 2 your request gets forwarded to each layer from bottom to top. Once the Server has the response ready for you it sends the response in the similar fashion as shown in step 3 and steps 4. Once the response reached to your nearest layer i.e. Application layer, you are able to see the home page of Careerneeti.

Easy way to learn the layer's name.

All = Application Layer
People= Presentation Layer
Seem = Session Layer
To = Transport Layer
Need = Network Layer
Data = Data Link Layer
Processing = Physical Layer

We hope you find this article helpful. If you have any question leave it in the comment section.

History of Computers

2019-02-10T08:25:00.000+05:30

Computer is one of integral part of our daily life, from desktop to laptop, from mobile phone to smartphone, we all are using this amazing device. But do we really know, how this amazing device was invented. Let's dig into the history and find out the invention about this awesome machine.

Basically the Generations of computers are broadly classified into two ways:

1. Non-Electronic Generation.

2. Electronic Generation.

Let us discuss each of them briefly.

Non-Electronic Generation:

These are referred to as the zero generation computer.They were developed before the semiconductor revolution took place in 1946.They were made up of wooden or mechanical components.

Electronic Generation:

Computer developed after 1946 are categorized into five generations.Since they are mainly built with electronic circuitry,they are called the electronic generation computers.

First Generation computer:

These are developed during 1946-59,and were built with Vacuum tubes.Their Speed was 10^-3 sec.They had limited primary memory and used magnetic drums as secondary storage devices.The machine language programming was adapted I these machines.They were batch processing systems and were used for both scientific and business based application.

Second Generation Computer:

These were developed during 1957-64 and were built with diodes and Transistors.Their speed was 10^-6sec.They had more primary memory and proved higher reliability.High level programming languages like FORTRAN,Pascal,ALGOL etc ,were used in these machines.The Concept of multi-programming,time sharing and real time processing were also introduced.

Third Generation Computer:

These were developed during 1965-70 and were built with Integrated circuits (ICs).There were 10-100 transistor in a single chip silicon chip.Their speed was 10^-9 sec(nano sec).They used semiconductor memory.They had higher reliability and reduced size.The concept of Operating System,Multi Programming,Parallel Processing were introduced.They were used in Weather Forecasting,Airline Reservation,Banking Services.

Fourth Generation Computer:These were developed during 1970-90 and were built with Large Scale Integration (LSI),100-1000 transistors in a single chip and Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI),1000 to million of transistor per chip.They have a huge Storage Capacity and their processing speed is from 10^-9to 10^-12 sec.The concept of Networking was Introduced.

Fifth Generation Computer:

The development of super computer was the key motivation of the fifth generation computers.Super computers were developed with Super Large Scale Integration(SLSI),millions of transistors were used in a single IC chip.These are knowledge processing systems.The C concept like Artificial Intelligence and distributed processing were incorporated.They were RISC(Reduced Instructions Set Computing) based machines.CD-ROM(Compact Disk Read only Memory),WORM(Write Read Many Times) are introduced.

Today we have so many options starting from memory size to type of processors, powerful gaming computer to light weight chrome book. All these modern day computer is the result of continuous grow in technology and our hunger to knowledge.

Hope this blog gave you some idea about the history of this amazing machine "COMPUTER".

Thank You.

Careerneeti

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History of Computers

Computer is one of integral part of our daily life, from desktop to laptop, from mobile phone to smartphone, we all are using this amazing device. But do we really know, how this amazing device was invented. Let's dig into the history and find out the invention about this awesome machine.

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